What is a 401(k) plan?
A 401(k) plan is a self-directed, qualified retirement plan established by an employer to provide future retirement benefits for employees. Employee contributions are made on a pre-tax basis, and employer contributions are often tax deductible.
If you have a Roth 401(k) option, your contributions are made with after-tax dollars and are tax-free when distributed from the plan. Earnings are also tax-free if your distribution is qualified. Generally, a distribution is qualified if you are 59½ or older (or disabled) and you satisfy a five-year holding rule.
Many employers are now enrolling new hires automatically in 401(k) plans, allowing them to opt out later if they choose not to participate. This is done in the hope that more employees will participate and start saving for retirement at an earlier age.
If you elect to participate in a 401(k) plan, you can allocate a percentage of your salary to your plan every paycheck. The maximum annual contribution is $23,500 in 2025. If you will be 50 or older before the end of the tax year, you can contribute an additional catch-up contribution of $7,500. If you reach age 60 to 63 in 2025, your catch-up contribution is $11,250. Contribution limits are indexed for inflation. The funds in your pre-tax account will accumulate tax deferred until withdrawn, when they are taxed as ordinary income (except for any after-tax contributions you've made).
Employer contributions are often subject to vesting requirements. 401(k) plans can provide that employer contributions either (1) vest 100% after you have three years of service ("cliff vesting"), or (2) vest 20% for each year of service beginning with your second year of service and ending with 100% after six years of service ("graded" vesting). Of course, your employer's plan may be less (but not more) restrictive, and some plans even provide 100% immediate vesting. When an employee is fully vested, he or she is legally entitled to all the contributions made by the employer, as well as earnings on those contributions.
In plans that offer loans, you may also be allowed to borrow a portion of your vested balance, up to specified limits, with a five-year repayment period (or even longer for certain loans). Of course, if you leave your job, the loan may have to be repaid immediately.
The assets in a 401(k) plan are portable. When you leave your job or retire, you can move your assets or take a taxable distribution. However, if you leave a company before you are fully vested, you will be allowed to take only the funds that you contributed yourself plus any vested funds, as well as any earnings that have accumulated on those contributions.
Within certain limits, the funds in your 401(k) plan can be rolled over directly to your new employer's retirement plan, if allowed, without penalty. Alternatively, you can roll your funds directly to an IRA. [Make sure you understand all of the pros and cons before rolling funds out of your 401(k) plan.] You may also be able to leave the funds in your current plan if your account is worth more than $7,000 in 2025; otherwise, your employer can automatically "cash out" your account. However, for accounts worth between $1,000 and $7,000, the money must automatically be rolled into an IRA in your name.
Generally, you must begin taking required minimum distributions from 401(k) plans no later than April 1 of the year after you reach age 73 (75 for those who reach age 73 after December 21, 2032). Distributions from regular 401(k) plans are taxed as ordinary income and may be subject to a 10% federal income tax penalty if withdrawn before age 59½, except in special circumstances such as disability or death, or separation from service after age 55.
A 401(k) plan can be a great way to save for retirement, especially if your employer offers matching contributions. If you are eligible to participate in a 401(k) plan, you should take advantage of the opportunity, even if you have to start by contributing a small percentage of your salary. This type of plan can form the basis for a sound retirement funding strategy.
